NightLiveGreat

  • Subscribe to our RSS feed.
  • Twitter
  • StumbleUpon
  • Reddit
  • Facebook
  • Digg
Showing posts with label communication. Show all posts
Showing posts with label communication. Show all posts

Wednesday, June 26, 2013

Do You Wear Rose-Colored Glasses?

Posted on 6:15 AM by Unknown
NYU Professor Nathan Pettit and LBS Professor Nino Sivanathan have written a new research paper titled, "The Eyes and Ears of Status: How Status Colors Perceptual Judgment.”  They conducted a series of experiments examining how a person's status affects his or her perceives feedback from others.    The studies show that people of high status felt that people were applauding louder and responding more favorably to them than those of lower status.  For instance, in one study, one half of the audience members exhibited favorable facial expressions, while the other half reacted negatively.  However, the high status presenters perceived that almost two-thirds of the audience members were reacted positively to their presentation.  

I'm sure you are not surprised by these results, but they do offer an important reminder to leaders of organizations.  Leaders need to be mindful that they often underestimate the negative reaction to their decisions, presentations, and other interactions with members of the organization.  Therefore, leaders need to take a second look at how people are receiving their messages.  Perhaps they should use a sounding board, a confidante, who can help check the pulse of the organization.  Sometimes, they might check in with small groups of people in an informal way to see how they are really feeling about a new plan or proposal.   At the extreme, on certain occasions, it's useful to watch yourself on video.  On many occasions, a leader's speech is captured on video to put on a company intranet or share with remote geographical locations.  An astute leader takes the opportunity, on from time to time, to take a look at himself or herself on video.   Watching themselves can be incredibly revealing.  They often will see things that they never realized. 
Read More
Posted in communication, leadership, status | No comments

Friday, March 15, 2013

Attracting Creative Talent

Posted on 5:54 AM by Unknown
Charles Day, CEO of The Lookinglass, has written a good article for Fast Company about attracting top creative talent.  He offers eight suggestions.  I want to highlight several of them here.

First, he notes that mission-driven businesses are more likely to attract top creative talent.  People want to make a difference.   Second, people want to work for an organization that does not support underperformers forever.  Nothing is more deflating than watching managers retain people who are not contributing.   Third, you have to be transparent.   Day writes:

"Transparency is essential to attracting and retaining great talent. We define transparency as this: telling what you can and explaining what you can’t. Sharing openly encourages your people to give you the benefit of the doubt. Critical to building loyalty."

I think it's critically important to note the point about explaining what you cannot share.  At times, certain issues cannot be disclosed, or at least must wait to be shared.   That does not mean managers should remain completely silent. They need to explain (repeatedly) that more information will be shared moving forward, and you have to describe why certain information cannot be shared.   Employees will fill a vacuum of information with gossip, rumor, and lots of time-wasting water-cooler talk.  Don't let that vacuum exist.  Fill it with a steady stream of communication. 
Read More
Posted in communication, creativity, talent management | No comments

Tuesday, January 15, 2013

Conducting Virtual Meetings

Posted on 8:46 AM by Unknown
Have you been on a virtual meeting that was incredibly unproductive?   Do you have to conduct some team meetings virtually because you are not all co-located?  How can you make things better?  Mars Mullenweg, from the company that created WordPress, has some good suggestions in Fast Company this month about how to conduct better virtual meetings.   Specifically, he offers four tips:

  1. He notes that it becomes very easy to misinterpret the meaning of a message in a text-based chat platform.  Therefore, you need to take the time to write a few extra words, to elaborate on your thoughts.  Take care to be a bit extra sensitive in how you say things.  Being too concise can cause people to believe that you are being curt with them. 
  2.  Sometimes, it becomes clear that two parties are really talking past one another in an online chat.  At that point, rather than continuing in a time-consuming back-and-forth, take a moment to pick up the phone.  A quick conversation by phone can help clarify a confusing situation.
  3. Don't multi-task.   You have to focus so that you can listen carefully, ask people for clarification, and offer your comments in a way that builds appropriately on others' comments. 
  4. Recognize when an in-person meeting is appropriate.  Sometimes, a virtual chat and even a phone conversation simply are not sufficient.  You have to spend the time and money to meet in person.  Knowing when that is the case, and acknowledging that, proves to be a very important team leadership skill. 
Read More
Posted in collaboration, communication, virtual teams | No comments

Friday, January 27, 2012

Are You Communicating Effectively? - Testing For Understanding

Posted on 5:08 AM by Unknown
Former General Electric CEO Jack Welch used to say the following about communication:

“You don’t get anywhere if you keep changing your ideas. The only way to change people’s minds is with consistency. Once you get the ideas, you keep refining and improving them; the more simply your idea is defined, the better it is. You communicate, you communicate, and then you communicate some more. Consistency, simplicity, and repetition is what it’s all about."

I think Welch is correct in emphasizing the need for consistency, simplicity, and repetition in their communications.   However, leaders need to take one additional step if they wish to communicate effectively.  Put simply, leaders need to test for understanding and alignment.  Did the troops understand my message?  How did they interpret the meaning of my statements?  Did they understand my intent?  Is everybody on the same page, or did people "hear" different messages?

In other words, leaders need to construct a strong feedback loop.  They have to circle back and make sure that people "heard" the same message that they intended to convey?   Many leaders fail to take that additional step.  As a result, confusion and misalignment persist despite the fact that leaders believe that they have communicated clearly, simply, and repeatedly.
Read More
Posted in communication, leadership | No comments
Older Posts Home
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

Popular Posts

  • Are Network Effects Over-rated?
    Nir Eyal and Sangeet Paul Choudary have written an absolutely terrific column for TechCrunch about network effects.  The essay is titled, ...
  • Fewer Startups in Japan: Lessons for all Nations
    I'm here teaching in Tokyo for a week, as I have each July for the past decade.   Therefore, I thought it would be appropriate to offer ...
  • Traveling Interationally vs. Living Overseas
    Many universities now urge or even require their students to travel internationally as part of their education.  In some instances, students...
  • Understanding Cultural Differences: The Michigan Fish Test
    Check out this image. What do you see?    Source:  Richard Nisbett via CNN.com In this article for CNN, Columbia Professor Sheena Iyengar d...
  • Are People More Cooperative When They Make Speedy, Intuitive Choices?
    David Rand, Joshua Greene, and Martin Nowak have conducted a series of interesting new experiments that show a correlation between decisio...
  • I Get It, but How Do I Change My Boss' Behavior?
    Often, when I'm working with emerging leaders or high potentials in an organization, I hear them say something like the following:  ...
  • Incentives for Crowdsourcing
    The Boston Globe reported Sunday on an interesting new Chinese study about crowd sourcing. Professors Zhang and Zhu examined the behavior o...
  • Daredevil CEOs, Options, and Risk
    Wharton Professor Todd Gormley, Northwestern's David Matsa, and Washington University of St. Louis' Todd Milbourn have published a n...
  • Devil's Advocates: Improving Information Sharing
    Garold Stasser and his colleagues published a series of influential studies in the 1980s and 1990s regarding information sharing in groups. ...
  • Stop the Charade!
    I continue to be amazed at how many executives get themselves into trouble with their teams by engaging in what my friend and colleague Mich...

Categories

  • 3M (1)
  • AARs (1)
  • Abrashoff (1)
  • Accountability (2)
  • acquisitions (10)
  • activist investors (1)
  • admissions (1)
  • advertising (13)
  • advice (1)
  • after-action reviews (1)
  • aging (1)
  • airlines (1)
  • algorithms (2)
  • alignment (1)
  • altruism (1)
  • Amazon (9)
  • ambition (2)
  • American Airlines (1)
  • Amy's Baking Company (1)
  • analysis paralysis (1)
  • analytics (4)
  • Android (1)
  • Andy Kaufman (1)
  • Anheuser Busch Inbev (1)
  • animation (1)
  • anxiety (2)
  • apology (3)
  • apple (8)
  • apps (1)
  • Asch (1)
  • associational thinking (1)
  • Audi (1)
  • auteur (1)
  • authenticity (2)
  • auto industry (1)
  • Avon (1)
  • Baba Shiv (1)
  • bad news (2)
  • bailout (1)
  • bankruptcy (4)
  • Banks (1)
  • Barnes and Noble (1)
  • baseball (1)
  • beer (1)
  • beer industry (1)
  • Ben and Jerry's (1)
  • Bergdorf Goodman (1)
  • Berger (1)
  • Berkun (1)
  • Best Buy (2)
  • Bezos (2)
  • big data (4)
  • Black Friday (2)
  • blades (1)
  • BMW (1)
  • Boards (1)
  • boards of directors (4)
  • bonuses (1)
  • book (1)
  • books (1)
  • BOPS (1)
  • bourbon (1)
  • BP (2)
  • brain research (1)
  • brainstorming (9)
  • brainteasers (1)
  • brand (3)
  • brand dilution (2)
  • brand equity (3)
  • brand extensions (1)
  • branding (4)
  • brands (4)
  • break-up (3)
  • breakup value analysis (1)
  • Brené Brown (1)
  • Bryant University (1)
  • budget (1)
  • Budweiser (1)
  • Build-A-Bear (1)
  • Burger King (1)
  • business class (1)
  • business model (1)
  • business models (1)
  • business plans (1)
  • business school (1)
  • Cadillac (1)
  • CAFE (1)
  • Cain (1)
  • candid dialogue (1)
  • candy (1)
  • careers (3)
  • Carlyle (1)
  • Carnival (1)
  • cash cows (1)
  • cash flows (2)
  • celebrities (1)
  • CEO compensation (3)
  • CEOs (4)
  • Challenger (1)
  • change (3)
  • characters (1)
  • charisma (1)
  • cheating (1)
  • Chevron (1)
  • China (2)
  • chocolate (2)
  • choice (4)
  • Chris Stevens (1)
  • Christensen (2)
  • clutch (1)
  • co-founders (1)
  • coaching (2)
  • Coca-Cola (1)
  • coffee (1)
  • cognitive bias (5)
  • cognitive skills (1)
  • Coke (2)
  • collaboration (4)
  • college (4)
  • college athletics (1)
  • colleges (1)
  • Columbia (1)
  • commencement (1)
  • commencement speech (1)
  • communication (4)
  • compensation (9)
  • competency models (1)
  • competition (2)
  • competitive positioning (1)
  • competitiveness (1)
  • computers (1)
  • concerts (1)
  • conflict (4)
  • conflict management (1)
  • conformity (1)
  • conglomerate (1)
  • conglomerates (2)
  • consumer behavior (3)
  • continuous improvement (1)
  • controversy (1)
  • cooperation (1)
  • core business (1)
  • corporate governance (4)
  • corporate jets (1)
  • Corporate Social Responsibility (1)
  • corporate strategy (1)
  • counterfactual thinking (1)
  • creativity (25)
  • crisis management (1)
  • critical ability (1)
  • CRM (1)
  • crowdsourcing (5)
  • cruise (1)
  • cultural differences (2)
  • culture (6)
  • customer experience (2)
  • customer satisfaction (2)
  • customer service (6)
  • Dan Heath (1)
  • Daniel Pink (1)
  • David Burkus (1)
  • debt (1)
  • deciision making (1)
  • decision making (17)
  • decision-making (15)
  • Deepwater Horizon (1)
  • deliberate practice (1)
  • Delta (1)
  • design (4)
  • design thinking (3)
  • devil's advocate (1)
  • Diapers.com (1)
  • directors (1)
  • dishonesty (1)
  • Disney (3)
  • disruptive technology (8)
  • dissent (4)
  • diversification (7)
  • divestiture (1)
  • dividends (1)
  • Dollar Shave Club (1)
  • doodling (1)
  • Dove (1)
  • Dr. Woody (1)
  • Ducati (1)
  • Duhigg (1)
  • earnings forecasts (1)
  • ecommerce (3)
  • economic growth (1)
  • economies of scale (5)
  • Edmondson (1)
  • education (3)
  • Eisenhower (1)
  • Eisner (1)
  • Electronic Arts (1)
  • email (1)
  • emerging markets (3)
  • emotions (1)
  • employee engagement (4)
  • employee recognition (1)
  • employees (1)
  • empowerment (1)
  • endorsements (1)
  • endowment effect (1)
  • Engagement (2)
  • entertainment (1)
  • entrepreneurship (11)
  • entrerpreneurship (1)
  • ESPN (3)
  • ethics (3)
  • ethnography (1)
  • Etsy (1)
  • European debt crisis (1)
  • Everest (2)
  • evolution (1)
  • execution (1)
  • exercise (1)
  • exit interviews (1)
  • experimentation (4)
  • expertise dissensus (1)
  • experts (1)
  • Facebook (5)
  • faculty (1)
  • Fadell (1)
  • failure (5)
  • Failures (3)
  • fair process (1)
  • Fastenal (1)
  • feedback (1)
  • female leaders (1)
  • filtering (1)
  • financial statements (1)
  • first mover advantage (1)
  • flattery (1)
  • flocking (1)
  • focus groups (1)
  • Ford (3)
  • freemium (2)
  • Friendly's (1)
  • fuel economy (1)
  • furniture (1)
  • Gallup (1)
  • game theory (3)
  • games (1)
  • gaming (1)
  • Gap (1)
  • gatekeepers (1)
  • GE (1)
  • gender bias (2)
  • gender differences (1)
  • Gillette (1)
  • Gilt Groupe (1)
  • global (1)
  • globalization (2)
  • GM (1)
  • goals (2)
  • Goodreads (1)
  • Google (6)
  • gossip (1)
  • governance (5)
  • graduates (1)
  • graphic facilitators (1)
  • Great Courses (2)
  • grit (1)
  • grocery (1)
  • ground rules (1)
  • group dynamics (9)
  • Groupon (1)
  • groups (4)
  • groupthink (3)
  • growth (3)
  • guilt (1)
  • Hackman (1)
  • Halvorson (1)
  • happiness (1)
  • Hasbro (1)
  • HBS (1)
  • health care (2)
  • Heath brothers (1)
  • Henry Stewart Talks (1)
  • heuristics (1)
  • hierarchy (2)
  • high achievers (1)
  • higher education (2)
  • Hilton (1)
  • hiring (6)
  • Home Depot (1)
  • Homeboy Industries (1)
  • Honda (1)
  • House of cards (1)
  • HP (4)
  • HR (1)
  • human resources (27)
  • Iams (2)
  • IBM (1)
  • ice cream (1)
  • IDEA (1)
  • IDEO (1)
  • Iger (1)
  • IKEA (1)
  • Improv (2)
  • inattentional blindness (1)
  • incentives (5)
  • India (1)
  • industrial policy (1)
  • industry structure (2)
  • inflation (1)
  • influence (1)
  • information overload (1)
  • Information sharing (2)
  • innovation (40)
  • Instagram (2)
  • insurance (1)
  • intellectual property (1)
  • international (1)
  • internet (2)
  • internet privacy (1)
  • interviews (6)
  • intrinsic motivation (1)
  • introverts (2)
  • Intuit (1)
  • intuition (1)
  • investors (2)
  • invisible gorilla (1)
  • IPO (3)
  • iPod (1)
  • IRS (1)
  • Isaacson (1)
  • Iyengar (1)
  • J.C. Penney (3)
  • Japan (5)
  • JC Penney (3)
  • JetBlue (1)
  • Jimmy Kimmel (1)
  • Job interviews (1)
  • job search (1)
  • Jobs (6)
  • Johnnie Walker (1)
  • joint ventures (1)
  • Jon Stewart (1)
  • Keith Sawyer (1)
  • Keurig (1)
  • Kindle (1)
  • Kodak (1)
  • Korea (1)
  • Kraft (1)
  • labor markets (1)
  • Lady Gaga (1)
  • Lafley (1)
  • Lampert (1)
  • LDRLB (1)
  • leadership (80)
  • leadership development (12)
  • leadership transitions (1)
  • lean startup (2)
  • learning (7)
  • Lego (1)
  • Lenovo (2)
  • lifetime value of a customer (1)
  • Lincoln (1)
  • Little Bets (1)
  • Loeb (1)
  • logistics (1)
  • lone genius (1)
  • Long Tail (1)
  • loss aversion (1)
  • LTV (1)
  • Lululemon (1)
  • Maker's Mark (1)
  • management by walking around (1)
  • manufacturing (1)
  • marginal cost (1)
  • market research (2)
  • market share (1)
  • marketing (22)
  • marketing research (1)
  • marketing to children (1)
  • Marriott (1)
  • Mattel (1)
  • MBWA (1)
  • McDonald (1)
  • McDonald's (1)
  • McKinsey (1)
  • media (2)
  • meetings (3)
  • Memorial Day (1)
  • mentorship (2)
  • mergers (4)
  • metrics (2)
  • Michael Porter (1)
  • Michigan Fish Test (1)
  • Microsoft (1)
  • Microsoft Surface (1)
  • military (1)
  • milkshake test (1)
  • millenials (1)
  • mission (1)
  • mistake (1)
  • mistakes (2)
  • mobile (2)
  • Monster (1)
  • Montgomery (1)
  • moral behavior (1)
  • moral standards (1)
  • motivation (7)
  • motorcycles (1)
  • Motorola (1)
  • movies (1)
  • Mulally (1)
  • Mullaly (1)
  • multinationals (1)
  • multitasking (1)
  • Murdoch (1)
  • music (1)
  • Myth of the Garage (1)
  • narcissism (3)
  • narratives (1)
  • NASA (2)
  • Navy (1)
  • NCAA (1)
  • negotiation (1)
  • negotiations (1)
  • Net Promoter Score (1)
  • NetFlix (7)
  • network effects (2)
  • neuroscience (1)
  • new groupthink (1)
  • New manager (1)
  • New product development (1)
  • News Corp (1)
  • NFL (1)
  • Nike (1)
  • noble profession (1)
  • Nokia (1)
  • non-compete agreements (1)
  • Nook (1)
  • Nordstrom (1)
  • Nutella (1)
  • observation (2)
  • off-price retail (1)
  • Office Depot (1)
  • office supplies (1)
  • OfficeMax (1)
  • oil (1)
  • oil industry (1)
  • oil spill (2)
  • Old Milwaukee (1)
  • Olympics (3)
  • online dating (1)
  • online marketplace (1)
  • online shopping (1)
  • Orbis (1)
  • Oreo (1)
  • organic growth (1)
  • organization structure (1)
  • organizational structure (2)
  • overconfidence (1)
  • packaging (1)
  • Paul Levy (1)
  • PC (1)
  • Pepsi (2)
  • performance evaluation (3)
  • peripheral knowledge (1)
  • personal brand (1)
  • personality (2)
  • personalization (1)
  • persuasion (2)
  • Piskorski (1)
  • Pixar (2)
  • Planet Fitness (1)
  • politics (1)
  • Postal Service (2)
  • power (2)
  • Power of Habit (1)
  • Powerpoint (1)
  • premium (1)
  • presentations (3)
  • prevention focus (1)
  • price (1)
  • pricing (6)
  • pricing strategy (1)
  • private equity (2)
  • private label (1)
  • problem finding (2)
  • problem solving (1)
  • problem-finding (2)
  • process losses (1)
  • processes (1)
  • Proctor and Gamble (6)
  • product design (1)
  • productivity (3)
  • professors (1)
  • project management (1)
  • promotion (1)
  • promotion focus (1)
  • promotions (1)
  • protege effect (2)
  • prototypes (2)
  • psychology (1)
  • public relations (3)
  • public speaking (4)
  • purpose (1)
  • quality (3)
  • questions (2)
  • Qwikster (3)
  • Rasmussen (1)
  • razors (1)
  • reality TV (1)
  • reasoning (1)
  • recessions (1)
  • recognition (2)
  • recommendations (1)
  • Red Cross (1)
  • Redbox (1)
  • reference checks (1)
  • reflection (1)
  • regulation (1)
  • reputation (1)
  • research (3)
  • Research and development (1)
  • resource allocation (1)
  • restaurants (1)
  • retail (29)
  • retailers (1)
  • retention (3)
  • reviews (1)
  • rewards (2)
  • Richard Branson (1)
  • risk (7)
  • risk-taking (2)
  • rock and roll (1)
  • Ron Johnson (1)
  • rules of thumb (1)
  • safety (2)
  • salary negotiations (1)
  • Saturday Night Live (2)
  • scandal (1)
  • scarcity (1)
  • Schulze (1)
  • search (1)
  • Sears (4)
  • SEC reporting (1)
  • See's Candies (1)
  • self-confidence (1)
  • self-control (1)
  • serendipity (1)
  • serotonin (1)
  • severance (1)
  • shame (1)
  • Sharknado (1)
  • shopping (1)
  • simulation (2)
  • Skanska (1)
  • Skechers (1)
  • small business (1)
  • small wins (1)
  • smartphones (2)
  • SNL (3)
  • Snooth (1)
  • Snowe (1)
  • social currency (1)
  • social enterprise (1)
  • social gaming (1)
  • social influence (2)
  • social media (14)
  • social networks (1)
  • soda (1)
  • solar power (1)
  • Solyndra (1)
  • Sony (1)
  • speaking up (2)
  • speed (1)
  • spinoff (1)
  • spinoffs (1)
  • sports radio (1)
  • Stand-up Economist (1)
  • Stanford (1)
  • Staples (2)
  • Starbucks (6)
  • start-ups (1)
  • startups (6)
  • status (3)
  • Steelcase (1)
  • Steve Jobs (2)
  • stock options (1)
  • stories (1)
  • storytelling (1)
  • strategic planning (1)
  • strategy (41)
  • stress (2)
  • substitutes (1)
  • succession (5)
  • supermarkets (1)
  • supply chain (1)
  • surveys (1)
  • Susan Cain (2)
  • switching costs (1)
  • synergies (2)
  • synergy (1)
  • talent (2)
  • talent management (9)
  • talent retention (1)
  • Target (3)
  • target market (1)
  • taste test (1)
  • teaching (3)
  • team dynamics (9)
  • team scaffolds (1)
  • teaming (1)
  • teams (24)
  • technology (2)
  • TED (2)
  • telecommuting (1)
  • television (1)
  • tennis (1)
  • test (1)
  • Thanksgiving (1)
  • The Daily Show (1)
  • Ticketmaster (1)
  • Time management (2)
  • Timothy Judge (1)
  • Tina Fey (1)
  • TJX (1)
  • top management teams (2)
  • Toyota (1)
  • toys (2)
  • tradeoffs (2)
  • transaction costs (1)
  • Triumph (1)
  • trust (1)
  • tuition (1)
  • tuition bubble (1)
  • turnaround (2)
  • turnover (1)
  • TV (2)
  • Twitter (5)
  • Tyco (1)
  • Uber (1)
  • Unbroken (1)
  • uncertainty (1)
  • Uniqlo (1)
  • universities (3)
  • university (1)
  • Unlocking the Truth (1)
  • unrelated diversification (1)
  • user-generated content (1)
  • USS Greeneville (1)
  • vacation (1)
  • valuation (1)
  • Values (2)
  • venture capital (1)
  • vertical integration (7)
  • video games (3)
  • Vine (1)
  • VIPs (1)
  • viral (1)
  • viral marketing (1)
  • Virgin Atlantic (1)
  • virtual teams (1)
  • vision (2)
  • volatility (1)
  • Vosques Haut-Chocolat (1)
  • wait times (1)
  • Wal-Mart (1)
  • Warren Buffett (2)
  • Washington Post (1)
  • Wharton (1)
  • Whitman (1)
  • Why Great Leaders Don't Take Yes For an Answer (2)
  • Will Ferrell (1)
  • wine (2)
  • wisdom of crowds (1)
  • work (2)
  • work ethic (1)
  • workspace (1)
  • Yahoo (1)
  • Yelp (1)
  • Yum Brands (2)
  • Zamperini (1)
  • Zuckerman (1)
  • Zynga (2)

Blog Archive

  • ▼  2013 (126)
    • ▼  August (7)
      • Project Management Podcast
      • Budweiser: Can It Go Global?
      • Break Up the Washington Post Corporation
      • Why Great Leaders Don't Take Yes for an Answer
      • Employee Recognition: The Yum Brands Way
      • Hiring Unqualified Candidates: Why Do We Make That...
      • The Invisible Gorilla
    • ►  July (21)
    • ►  June (15)
    • ►  May (17)
    • ►  April (16)
    • ►  March (14)
    • ►  February (17)
    • ►  January (19)
  • ►  2012 (219)
    • ►  December (14)
    • ►  November (17)
    • ►  October (19)
    • ►  September (16)
    • ►  August (12)
    • ►  July (22)
    • ►  June (18)
    • ►  May (24)
    • ►  April (24)
    • ►  March (17)
    • ►  February (17)
    • ►  January (19)
  • ►  2011 (155)
    • ►  December (17)
    • ►  November (19)
    • ►  October (24)
    • ►  September (26)
    • ►  August (17)
    • ►  July (22)
    • ►  June (23)
    • ►  May (7)
Powered by Blogger.

About Me

Unknown
View my complete profile